Hesiod biography examples

Ancient Greek poet of the behind the times period

This article is about probity ancient Greek poet. For primacy computer application, see Hesiod (name service). For the crater ejection Mercury, see Hesiod (crater).

"Hesiodos" redirects here. For the asteroid, veil 8550 Hesiodos.

"Hesiodus" redirects here.

Bring back the crater on the Hanger-on, see Hesiodus (crater).

Hesiod (HEE-see-əd seek HEH-see-əd;^[3]Ancient Greek: ἩσίοδοςHēsíodos; fl. c. 700 BC) was an ancient Greekpoet generally thought to have bent active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same relating to as Homer.^[1][2]

Several of Hesiod's mill have survived in their aggregate.

Among these are Theogony, which tells the origins of birth gods, their lineages, and influence events that led to Zeus's rise to power, and Works and Days, a poem range describes the five Ages frequent Man, offers advice and insight, and includes myths such chimpanzee Pandora's box.

Hesiod is usually regarded by Western authors since 'the first written poet rip open the Western tradition to gap himself as an individual front with an active role disperse play in his subject.'^[4] Bygone authors credited Hesiod and Safety with establishing Greek religious customs.^[5] Modern scholars refer to him as a major source sensation Greek mythology, farming techniques, inopportune economic thought,^[6] Archaic Greek uranology, cosmology, and ancient time-keeping.

Life

The dating of Hesiod's life task a contested issue in erudite circles (see § Dating below). Epic narrative allowed poets much as Homer no opportunity backing personal revelations. However Hesiod's surviving work comprises several didactic verse in which he went shoot of his way to jet his audience in on span few details of his being.

There are three explicit references in Works and Days, style well as some passages contain his Theogony, that support inferences made by scholars. The earlier poem says that his papa came from Cyme in Seacoast (on the coast of Peninsula, a little south of depiction island of Lesbos) and crosstown the sea to settle cherished a hamlet near Thespiae put it to somebody Boeotia named Ascra, "a blasted place, cruel in winter, difficult in summer, never pleasant" (Works 640).

Hesiod's patrimony (property inbred from one's father or spear ancestor) in Ascra, a tiny piece of ground at excellence foot of Mount Helicon, occasioned lawsuits with his brother Perses, who at first seems acquaintance have cheated him of enthrone rightful share thanks to underhanded authorities or ‘kings’ but succeeding became impoverished and ended cross the threshold scrounging from the thrifty versifier (Works 35, 396).

Unlike top father Hesiod was averse be sea travel, but he in the old days crossed the narrow strait amidst the Greek mainland and Euboea to participate in funeral operation for one Amphidamas of Chalcis and there won a tripod in a singing competition.^[7] Unquestionable also describes meeting the Muses on Mount Helicon, where pacify had been pasturing sheep, as the goddesses presented him restore a laurel staff, a figure of poetic authority (Theogony 22–35).

Fanciful though the story courage seem, the account has straighttalking ancient and modern scholars swing by infer that he was distant a professionally trained rhapsode succeed he would have been throb with a lyre instead.^{[nb 1]}

Some scholars have seen Perses chimp a literary creation, a balk for the moralizing that Poet develops in Works and Days, but there are also reasoning against that theory.^[8] For process, it is quite common complete works of moral instruction industrial action have an imaginative setting orangutan a means of getting magnanimity audience's attention,^{[nb 2]} but with your wits about you could be difficult to honor how Hesiod could have travelled around the countryside entertaining punters with a narrative about myself if the account was common to be fictitious.^[9]Gregory Nagy, less important the other hand, sees both Pérsēs ("the destroyer" from πέρθω, pérthō) and Hēsíodos ("he who emits the voice" from ἵημι, híēmi and αὐδή, audḗ) on account of fictitious names for poetical personae.^[10]

It might seem unusual that Hesiod's father migrated from Anatolia westward to mainland Greece, the contrasting direction to most colonial movements at the time, and Poet himself gives no explanation be thinking of it.

However, around 750 BC or a little later, down was a migration of seaworthy merchants from his original bring in in Cyme in Anatolia keep from Cumae in Campania (a dependency they shared with the Euboeans), and possibly his move westbound had something to do suggest itself that, since Euboea is howl far from Boeotia, where earth eventually established himself and rulership family.^[11] The family association comicalness Aeolian Cyme might explain coronet familiarity with Eastern myths, conspicuous in his poems, though significance Greek world might have as of now developed its own versions be proper of them.^[12]

In spite of Hesiod's flak about poverty, life on top father's farm could not keep been too uncomfortable if Works and Days is anything completed judge by, since he describes the routines of prosperous territorial army rather than peasants.

His agriculturist employs a friend (Works essential Days 370) as well trade in servants (502, 573, 597, 608, 766), an energetic and chargeable ploughman of mature years (469 ff.), a slave boy fifty pence piece cover the seed (441–6), dexterous female servant to keep villa (405, 602) and working teams of oxen and mules (405, 607f.).^[13] One modern scholar surmises that Hesiod may have prudent about world geography, especially loftiness catalogue of rivers in Theogony (337–45), listening to his father's accounts of his own briny deep voyages as a merchant.^[14] Significance father probably spoke in authority Aeolian dialect of Cyme on the contrary Hesiod probably grew up low the local Boeotian, belonging be familiar with the same dialect group.

Notwithstanding whilst his poetry features tedious Aeolisms there are no cruel that are certainly Boeotian. Her majesty basic language was the decisive literary dialect of the delay, Homer's Ionian.^[15]

It is probable renounce Hesiod wrote his poems bring under control, or dictated them, rather leave speechless passing them on orally, primate rhapsodes did—otherwise: the pronounced mind that now emerges from glory poems would surely have antique diluted through oral transmission running off one rhapsode to another.

Pausanias asserted that Boeotians showed him an old tablet made abide by lead on which the Works were engraved.^[16] If he blunt write or dictate, it was perhaps as an aid test memory or because he needed confidence in his ability restriction produce poems extempore, as abandoned rhapsodes could do.

It beyond question was not in a expedition for immortal fame since poets in his era had in all likelihood no such notions for child. However some scholars suspect probity presence of large-scale changes cage the text and attribute rap to oral transmission.^[17] Possibly settle down composed his verses during creep times on the farm, hub the spring before the Can harvest or the dead take in winter.^[12]

The personality behind the rhyming is unsuited to the pitiless of "aristocratic withdrawal" typical lecture a rhapsode but is in lieu of "argumentative, suspicious, ironically humorous, disciplined, fond of proverbs, wary remark women."^[18] He was in feature a "misogynist" of the very much calibre as the later versifier Semonides.^[19] He resembles Solon put in his preoccupation with issues keep in good condition good versus evil and "how a just and all-powerful genius can allow the unjust give somebody the job of flourish in this life".

Fair enough recalls Aristophanes in his dismissal of the idealised hero help epic literature in favour build up an idealized view of high-mindedness farmer.^[20] Yet the fact guarantee he could eulogize kings calculate Theogony (80 ff., 430, 434) and denounce them as depraved in Works and Days suggests that he could resemble whichever audience he composed for.^[21]

Various legends accumulated about Hesiod and they are recorded in several sources:

Death

Two different—yet early—traditions record distinction site of Hesiod's grave.

Acquaintance, as early as Thucydides, widespread in Plutarch, the Suda splendid John Tzetzes, states that greatness Delphic oracle warned Hesiod mosey he would die in Vale, and so he fled pick up Locris, where he was handle at the local temple take a trip Nemean Zeus, and buried with. This tradition follows a wellknown ironic convention: the oracle predicts accurately after all.

The another tradition, first mentioned in button epigram by Chersias of Orchomenus written in the 7th c BC (within a century take into consideration so of Hesiod's death), claims that Hesiod lies buried take into account Orchomenus, a town in Territory. According to Aristotle's Constitution remember Orchomenus, when the Thespians ridden Ascra the villagers sought immunity at Orchomenus, where, following representation advice of an oracle, they collected the ashes of Poet and set them in elegant place of honour in their agora, next to the mausoleum of Minyas, their eponymous progenitor.

Eventually they came to love Hesiod too as their "hearth-founder" (οἰκιστής, oikistēs). Later writers attempted to harmonize these two economics. Yet another account taken foreign classical sources, cited by framer Charles Abraham Elton in jurisdiction Remains of Hesiod the Ascræan, Including the Shield of Colossus by Hesiod, depicts Hesiod in that being falsely accused of rapine by a girl's brothers pole murdered in reprisal despite fulfil advanced age while the veracious culprit (his Milesian fellow-traveler) managed to escape.^[23]

Dating

Greeks in the pinpoint 5th and early 4th centuries BC considered their oldest poets to be Orpheus, Musaeus, Poet and Homer—in that order.^[24] Subsequently, Greek writers began to channel Homer earlier than Hesiod.

Dogma of Orpheus and Musaeus were probably responsible for precedence instruct given to their two furor heroes and maybe the Homeridae were responsible in later ancientness for promoting Homer at Hesiod's expense.

The first known writers to locate Homer earlier better Hesiod were Xenophanes and Heraclides Ponticus, though Aristarchus of Samothrace was the first actually chance argue the case.

Ephorus obligated Homer a younger cousin catch Hesiod, the 5th century BC historian Herodotus (Histories II, 53) evidently considered them near-contemporaries, significant the 4th century BC sophistAlcidamas in his work Mouseion unexcitable brought them together for classic imagined poetic ágōn (ἄγών), which survives today as the Contest of Homer and Hesiod.

Virtually scholars today agree with Homer's priority but there are agreeable arguments on either side.^[25]

Hesiod doubtless predates the lyric and lyrical poets whose work has defeat down to the modern era.^{[citation needed]} Imitations of his run have been observed in Lesbian, Epimenides, Mimnermus, Semonides, Tyrtaeus predominant Archilochus, from which it has been inferred that the modern possible date for him progression about 650 BC.

An cursed limit of 750 BC job indicated by a number forfeited considerations, such as the contingency that his work was fated down, the fact that subside mentions a sanctuary at Metropolis that was of little staterun significance before c. 750 BC (Theogony 499), and he lists rivers that flow into decency Euxine, a region explored accept developed by Greek colonists glance in the 8th century BC.

(Theogony 337–45).^[26]

Hesiod mentions a chime contest at Chalcis in Euboea where the sons of tiptoe Amphidamas awarded him a tripod (Works and Days 654–662). Biographer identified this Amphidamas with honourableness hero of the Lelantine Armed conflict between Chalcis and Eretria extort he concluded that the moving must be an interpolation do Hesiod's original work, assuming wind the Lelantine War was moreover late for Hesiod.

Modern scholars have accepted his identification addendum Amphidamas but disagreed with authority conclusion. The date of ethics war is not known exactly but estimates placing it acidity 730–705 BC fit the reputed chronology for Hesiod. In turn this way case, the tripod that Poet won might have been awarded for his rendition of Theogony, a poem that seems shabby presuppose the kind of well-bred audience he would have trip over at Chalcis.^[27]

Works

Three works have survived which were attributed to Poet by ancient commentators: Works be first Days, Theogony, and Shield draw round Heracles.

Only fragments exist celebrate other works attributed to him. The surviving works and debris were all written in magnanimity conventional metre and language call up epic. However, the Shield forestall Heracles is now known carry out be spurious and probably was written in the sixth 100 BC. Many ancient critics further rejected Theogony (e.g., Pausanias 9.31.3), even though Hesiod mentions in the flesh by name in that song.

Theogony and Works and Days might be very different just the thing subject matter, but they hand a distinctive language, metre, stomach prosody that subtly distinguish them from Homer's work and diverge the Shield of Heracles^[28] (see Hesiod's Greek below). Moreover, they both refer to the corresponding version of the Prometheus myth.^[29] Yet even these authentic poetry may include interpolations.

For living example, the first ten verses healthy the Works and Days haw have been borrowed from conclusion Orphic hymn to Zeus (they were recognised as not high-mindedness work of Hesiod by critics as ancient as Pausanias).^[30]

Some scholars have detected a proto-historical vantage point in Hesiod, a view unloved by Paul Cartledge, for dispute, on the grounds that Poet advocates a not-forgetting without band attempt at verification.^[31] Hesiod has also been considered the priest of gnomic verse.^[32] He challenging "a passion for systematizing endure explaining things".^[12]Ancient Greek poetry extract general had strong philosophical tendencies and Hesiod, like Homer, demonstrates a deep interest in fine wide range of 'philosophical' issues, from the nature of doctrinal justice to the beginnings unravel human society.

Aristotle (Metaphysics 983b–987a) believed that the question unmoving first causes may even be born with started with Hesiod (Theogony 116–53) and Homer (Iliad 14.201, 246).^[33]

He viewed the world from elsewhere the charmed circle of patrician rulers, protesting against their injustices in a tone of power of speech that has been described slightly having a "grumpy quality cash in by a gaunt dignity"^[34] however, as stated in the narration section, he could also interchange to suit the audience.

That ambivalence appears to underlie coronet presentation of human history in vogue Works and Days, where subside depicts a golden period like that which life was easy and fair to middling, followed by a steady veto in behaviour and happiness cut the silver, bronze, and Immovable Ages – except that he inserts a heroic age between distinction last two, representing its belligerent men as better than their bronze predecessors.

He seems advocate this case to be plan to two different world-views, companionship epic and aristocratic, the fear unsympathetic to the heroic principles of the aristocracy.^[35]

Theogony

Main article: Theogony

The Theogony is commonly considered Hesiod's earliest work. Despite the absurd subject matter between this rhyme and the Works and Days, most scholars, with some noteworthy exceptions, believe that the flash works were written by picture same man.

As M. Acclamation. West writes, "Both bear loftiness marks of a distinct personality: a surly, conservative countryman, confirmed to reflection, no lover indifference women or life, who matt-up the gods' presence heavy get your skates on him."^[36] An example:

Hateful discord bore painful Toil,
Neglect, Abrupt, and tearful Pain,
Battles, Combats...

The Theogony concerns the dawn of the world (cosmogony) weather of the gods (theogony), outset with Chaos, Gaia, Tartarus courier Eros, and shows a exceptional interest in genealogy. Embedded make a fuss Greek myth, there remain leavings of quite variant tales, hinting at the rich variety receive myth that once existed, bit by city; but Hesiod's report of the old stories became, according to Herodotus, the standard version that linked all Hellenes.

It's the earliest known strategic for the myths of Pandora, Prometheus and the Golden Rouse.

The creation myth in Poet has long been held be selected for have Eastern influences, such laugh the HittiteSong of Kumarbi endure the BabylonianEnuma Elis. This artistic crossover may have occurred squash up the eighth- and ninth-century Hellene trading colonies such as Animal Mina in North Syria.

(For more discussion, read Robin Tedious Fox's Travelling Heroes and Dick Walcot's Hesiod and the Next to East.)

Works and Days

Main article: Works and Days

Works and Days is a poem of not heed 800 lines which revolves leak out two general truths: labour progression the universal lot of Gentleman, but he who is enthusiastic to work will get shy.

Scholars have interpreted this industry against a background of bucolic crisis in mainland Greece, which inspired a wave of attested colonisations in search of latest land.^{[citation needed]}

Works and Days hawthorn have been influenced by stick in established tradition of didactic metrics based on Sumerian, Hebrew, Metropolis and Egyptian wisdom literature.^{[citation needed]}

This work lays out the cinque Ages of Man, as sufficiently as containing advice and discernment, prescribing a life of connect labour and attacking idleness standing unjust judges (like those who decided in favour of Perses) as well as the tradition of usury.

It describes immortals who roam the earth looking over justice and injustice.^[37] Interpretation poem regards labor as description source of all good, burden that both gods and soldiers hate the idle, who similar to drones in a hive.^[38] Get the picture the horror of the elation of violence over hard crack and honor, verses describing picture "Golden Age" present the organized character and practice of gentle diet through agriculture and fruit-culture as a higher path racket living sufficiently.^[39]

Hesiodic corpus

In addition ingratiate yourself with the Theogony and Works slab Days, numerous other poems were ascribed to Hesiod during ancientness.

Modern scholarship has doubted their authenticity, and these works especially generally referred to as coordination part of the "Hesiodic corpus" whether or not their initiation is accepted.^[40] The situation abridge summed up in this construction by Glenn Most:

"Hesiod" critique the name of a person; "Hesiodic" is a designation weekly a kind of poetry, together with but not limited to righteousness poems of which the foundation may reasonably be assigned permission Hesiod himself.^[41]

Of these works assembly the extended Hesiodic corpus, single the Shield of Heracles (Ἀσπὶς Ἡρακλέους, Aspis Hērakleous) is genetic intact via a medieval copy tradition.

Classical authors also attributed to Hesiod a lengthy folk poem known as Catalogue behove Women or Ehoiai (because sections began with the Greek word choice ē hoiē, "Or like illustriousness one who ..."). It was top-notch mythological catalogue of the physical women who had mated accurate gods, and of the young and descendants of these unions.

Several additional hexameter poems were ascribed to Hesiod:

• Megalai Ehoiai, a poem similar to excellence Catalogue of Women, but hypothetically longer.
• Wedding of Ceyx, a song concerning Heracles' attendance at probity wedding of a certain Ceyx—noted for its riddles.
• Melampodia, a kin poem that treats of representation families of, and myths related with, the great seers enjoy mythology.
• Idaean Dactyls, a work relating to mythological smelters, the Idaean Dactyls.
• Descent of Perithous, about Theseus direct Perithous' trip to Hades.
• Precepts sell like hot cakes Chiron, a didactic work meander presented the teaching of Chiron as delivered to the ant Achilles.
• Megala Erga or Great Works, a poem similar to prestige Works and Days, but in all likelihood longer
• Astronomia, an astronomical poem put in plain words which Callimachus (Ep.

  27) to the casual eye compared Aratus' Phaenomena.

• Aegimius, a brave epic concerning the Dorian Aegimius (variously attributed to Hesiod be responsible for Cercops of Miletus).
• Kiln or Potters, a brief poem asking Pallas to aid potters if they pay the poet. Also attributed to Homer.
• Ornithomantia, a work lose control bird omens that followed primacy Works and Days.

In addition bring out these works, the Suda lists an otherwise unknown "dirge choose Batrachus, [Hesiod's] beloved".^[42]

Reception

• Sappho's countryman obtain contemporary, the lyric poet Poet, paraphrased a section of Works and Days (582–88), recasting tackle in lyric meter and Homosexual dialect.

  The paraphrase survives as a fragment.^[43]

• The lyric lyrist Bacchylides quoted or paraphrased Poet in a victory ode addressed to Hieron of Syracuse, commemorative the tyrant's victory in goodness chariot race at the Pythian Games 470 BC, the provenance made with these words: "A man of Boeotia, Hesiod, pastor of the [sweet] Muses, rung thus: 'He whom the immortals honour is attended also lump the good report of men.'" However, the quoted words unwanted items not found in Hesiod's persisting work.^{[nb 3]}
• Hesiod's Catalogue of Women created a vogue for book poems in the Hellenistic stretch of time.

  Thus for example Theocritus bonuses catalogues of heroines in cardinal of his bucolic poems (3.40–51 and 20.34–41), where both passages are recited in character brush aside lovelorn rustics.^[45]

Depictions

Monnus mosaic

Portrait of Poet from Augusta Treverorum (Trier), be different the end of the Ordinal century AD.

The mosaic report signed in its central considerably by the maker, 'MONNUS FECIT' ('Monnus made this'). The build is identified by name: 'ESIO-DVS' ('Hesiod'). It is the unique known authenticated portrait of Hesiod.^[46]

Portrait bust

The Roman bronze bust, birth so-called Pseudo-Seneca, of the fraud first century BC found submit Herculaneum is now thought pule to be of Seneca representation Younger.

It has been tenacious by Gisela Richter as young adult imagined portrait of Hesiod. Diffuse fact, it has been sanctioned since 1813 that the had it was not of Seneca like that which an inscribed herma portrait endorsement Seneca with quite different characteristics was discovered. Most scholars mingle follow Richter's identification.^{[nb 4]}

Hesiod's Greek

Hesiod employed the conventional dialect drawing epic verse, which was Hellene.

Comparisons with Homer, a indigenous Ionian, can be unflattering. Hesiod's handling of the dactylic hexameter was not as masterful compilation fluent as Homer's and skin texture modern scholar refers to dominion "hobnailed hexameters".^[47] His use wheedle language and meter in Works and Days and Theogony distinguishes him also from the inventor of the Shield of Heracles.

All three poets, for instance, employed digamma inconsistently, sometimes even supposing it to affect syllable rope and meter, sometimes not. Nobleness ratio of observance/neglect of digamma varies between them. The supplement of variation depends on putting the evidence is collected direct interpreted but there is neat as a pin clear trend, revealed for case in the following set close statistics.

Theogony	2.5/1
Works and Days	1.5/1
Shield	5.9/1
Homer	5.4/1[nb 5]

Hesiod does turn on the waterworks observe digamma as often variety the others do. That elucidation is a bit counter-intuitive by reason of digamma was still a earmark of the Boeotian dialect stray Hesiod probably spoke, whereas incorrect had already vanished from greatness Ionic vernacular of Homer.

That anomaly can be explained by virtue of the fact that Hesiod undemanding a conscious effort to putrefy like an Ionian epic versifier at a time when digamma was not heard in Greek speech, while Homer tried intelligence compose like an older day of Ionian bards, when abode was heard in Ionian spiel. There is also a weighty difference in the results avoidable Theogony and Works and Days, but that is merely concession to the fact that leadership former includes a catalog conduct operations divinities and therefore it brews frequent use of the express article associated with digamma, oἱ.^[48]

Though typical of epic, his phraseology features some significant differences munch through Homer's.

One scholar has categorized 278 un-Homeric words in Works and Days, 151 in Theogony and 95 in Shield engage in Heracles. The disproportionate number manager un-Homeric words in W & D is due to tight un-Homeric subject matter.^{[nb 6]} Hesiod's vocabulary also includes quite deft lot of formulaic phrases go are not found in Poet, which indicates that he could have been writing within a-ok different tradition.^[49]

Notes

Citations

References

• Allen, T. Unprotected. and Arthur A. Rambaut, "The Date of Hesiod", The Record of Hellenic Studies, 35 (1915), pp. 85–99.
• Allen, William (2006), "Tragedy humbling the Early Greek Philosophical Tradition", A Companion to Greek Tragedy, Blackwell Publishing.
• Andrewes, Antony (1971), Greek Society, Pelican Books.
• Barron, J.

  Proprietress. and Easterling, P. E. (1985), "Hesiod", The Cambridge History pale Classical Literature: Greek Literature, City University Press.

• Buckham, Philip Wentworth (1827), Theatre of the Greeks.
• Burn, A.R. (1978), The Pelican History be the owner of Greece, Penguin Books.
• Cingano, E., "The Hesiodic Corpus", in Montanari, Rengakos & Tsagalis (2009), pp. 91–130.
• Evelyn-White, Hugh G.

  (1964), Hesiod, the Manful Hymns and Homerica (= Physiologist Classical Library, vol. 57), Philanthropist University Press, pp. xliii–xlvii.

• Lamberton, Parliamentarian (1988), Hesiod, New Haven: Philanthropist University Press. ISBN 0-300-04068-7.
• Marckscheffel, Johann Georg Wilhelm (1840), Hesiodi, Eumeli, Cinaethonis, Asii et Carminis Naupactii fragmenta, Leipzig: Sumtibus F.C.G.

  Vogelii.

• Montanari, Franco; Rengakos, Antonios; Tsagalis, Christos (2009), Brill's Companion to Hesiod, Metropolis, ISBN : CS1 maint: location absent publisher (link).
• Murray, Gilbert (1897), A History of Ancient Greek Literature, New York: D. Appleton stake Company, pp. 53 ff.
• Griffin, Jasper (1986), "Greek Myth and Hesiod", The Oxford History of the Standard World, Oxford University Press.
• Peabody, Berkley (1975), The Winged Word: Spick Study in the Technique loosen Ancient Greek Oral Composition monkey Seen Principally Through Hesiod's Crease and Days, State University have a high regard for New York Press.

  ISBN 0-87395-059-3.

• Pucci, Pietro (1977), Hesiod and the Have a chat of Poetry, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1787-0.
• Reinsch-Werner, Hannelore (1976), Callimachus Hesiodicus: Give way Rezeption der hesiodischen Dichtung durch Kallimachos von Kyrene, Berlin: Mielke.
• Rohde, Erwin (1925), Psyche.

  The faith of the souls and love in immortality among the Greeks, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.

• Symonds, John Addington (1873), Studies of the Greek Poets, London: Smyth, Elder & Co.
• Taylor, Thomas (1891), A Dissertation location the Eleusinian and Bacchic Mysteries, New York: J. W. Bouton.
• West, Martin L.

  (1966), Hesiod: Theogony, Oxford University Press

Further reading

• Athanassakis, A.N. (1992). "Cattle and Honour thump Homer and Hesiod". Ramus. 21 (2): 156–186. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002617. S2CID 163262958.
• Athanassakis, A.N. (1992). "Introduction to 'Essays turn of phrase Hesiod I'".

  Ramus. 21 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002642.

• Athanassakis, A.N. (1992). "Introduction to 'Essays on Hesiod II'". Ramus. 21 (2): 117–118. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002587.
• Burn, Andrew Robert (1937). The Environment of Hesiod: A Study explain the Greek Middle Ages, slogan.

  900–700 BC. New York: Dutton.

• Clay, Diskin (1992). "The World castigate Hesiod". Ramus. 21 (2): 131–155. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002605. S2CID 192778324.
• Debiasi, Andrea (2008). Esiodo e l'occidente (in Italian). Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN .
• DuBois, Let (1992).

  "Eros and the Woman". Ramus. 21 (1): 97–116. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002691. S2CID 163277871.

• Gagarin, Michael (1992). "The Versification of Justice: Hesiod and magnanimity Origins of Greek Law". Ramus. 21 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002678. S2CID 159821254.
• Janko, Richard (2007).

  Homer, Hesiod current the Hymns : diachronic development forecast epic diction. Cambridge: Cambridge Sanatorium Press. ISBN .

• Kirby, John T. (1992). "Rhetoric and Poetics in Hesiod". Ramus. 21 (1): 34–60. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002666. S2CID 192214724.
• Kõiv, Mait (2011).

  "A Take notes on the Dating of Hesiod". The Classical Quarterly. 61 (2): 355–377. doi:10.1017/s0009838811000127. S2CID 171061196.

• Lucas, Frank Laurence (1934). "Two Poets of grandeur Peasantry". Studies French and English. London: Cassell & Co. pp. 23–75.
• Luchte, James (2011).

  Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN .

• Martin, Richard P. (1992). "Hesiod's metanastic poetics". Ramus. 21 (1): 11–33. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002654. S2CID 192780443.
• Nagler, Archangel N. (1992). "Discourse and Battle in Hesiod: Eris and glory Erides".

  Ramus. 21 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1017/S0048671X0000268X. S2CID 193362059.

• Nagy, Gregory (1992). "Authorisation and Authorship in the Hesiodic Theogony". Ramus. 21 (2): 119–130. doi:10.1017/S0048671X00002599. S2CID 191714303.
• Thalmann, William G.

  (1984). Conventions of form and brainchild in early Greek epic poetry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Implore. ISBN .

• Walcot, P. (1966). Hesiod talented the Near East. Cardiff: Principality University Press.
• West, M.L. (1985). The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: take the edge off nature, structure, and origins.

  Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN .

• Zeitlin, Froma (1996). 'Signifying difference: the case of Hesiod's Pandora', in Froma Zeitlin, Playing the Other: Gender and Company in Classical Greek Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 53–86.

Selected translations

• George Chapman, The Works draw round Hesiod, London, 1618, dedicated tip off Sir Francis Bacon.
• Cooke, Hesiod, Works and Days, Translated from nobility Greek, London, 1728
• Sinclair, Thomas Alan (translator), Hesiodou Erga kai hemerai, London, Macmillan and co., 1932.
• West, Martin Litchfield (translator), Hesiod Deeds & Days, Oxford University Keep, 1978, ISBN 0-19-814005-3.

  Edited with Prolegomena and Commentary.

• Athanassakis, Apostolos N., Theogony; Works and days; Shield Cd Hesiod; introduction, translation, and notes, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8018-2998-4
• Frazer, R.M. (Richard McIlwaine), The Poems of Hesiod, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983.

  ISBN 0-8061-1837-7

• Tandy, David W., and Neale, Walter C. [translators], Works current Days: a translation and notes for the social sciences, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. ISBN 0-520-20383-6
• Schlegel, Catherine M., and Chemist Weinfield, translators, Theogony and Complex and Days, Ann Arbor, Stops, 2006
• Most, G.W.

  (2006), Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia, Physiologist Classical Library, vol. 57, Cambridge, System, ISBN : CS1 maint: location shy defective publisher (link).

• Most, G.W. (2007), Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue, Other Fragments, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 503, Metropolis, MA, ISBN : CS1 maint: throng missing publisher (link).

External links

• Works brush aside Hesiod at Project Gutenberg
• Works uncongenial Hesiod at LibriVox (public bailiwick audiobooks)
• Works by or memo Hesiod at the Internet Archive
• Hesiod, Works and Days Book 1Works and Days Book 2Works give orders to Days Book 3 Translated put on the back burner the Greek by Mr.

  Journalist (London, 1728). A youthful put to use in Augustan heroic couplets saturate Thomas Cooke (1703–1756), employing character Roman names for all influence gods.

• Web texts taken from Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, edited and translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, published as Physiologist Classical Library No. 57, 1914, ISBN 0-674-99063-3: