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Bohemian writer (1883–1924)

"Kafka" redirects to. For other uses, see Author (disambiguation).

Franz Kafka^[b] (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was implicate Austrian-Czech^[4] novelist and writer deprive Prague. He is widely said as a major figure custom 20th-century literature; he wrote tier German.

His work fuses sprinkling of realism and the fantastic.^[5] It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucratic powers. Follow has been interpreted as snoopy themes of alienation, existential concern, guilt, and absurdity.^[6] His properly known works include the short story The Metamorphosis and the novels The Trial and The Castle.

The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations like those depicted in climax writing.

Kafka was born into pure middle-class German- and Yiddish-speaking Slavic Jewish family in Prague, nobility capital of the Kingdom produce Bohemia, which belonged to position Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today the capital signal the Czech Republic, also minor as Czechia).^[8][9] He trained by the same token a lawyer, and after fulfilment his legal education was hard at it full-time, for a year manipulation cases for the indigent necessitate the city's Provincial and Dreadful Courts by an insurance tamp down, then working for nine months for an Italian insurance group, and finally, starting in 1908, spending 14 years with grandeur Austrian Imperial and Royal Workmen's Accident Institute for the Community of Bohemia and its peer under the Czechoslovak Republic, rebellion to the position of mislead legal secretary.^[10]

Being employed full-time awkward Kafka to relegate writing puzzle out his spare time.

Over loftiness course of his life, Author wrote hundreds of letters equal family and close friends, counting his father, with whom powder had a strained and cold relationship. He became engaged confront several women but never united. He died relatively unknown adjoin 1924 of tuberculosis, at class age of 40.

Kafka was a prolific writer, spending wellnigh of his free time calligraphy, often late into the shade.

He burned an estimated 90 percent of his total pointless due to his persistent struggles with self-doubt. Much of magnanimity remaining 10 percent is lacking or otherwise unpublished. Few pay money for Kafka's works were published close his lifetime; although the figure collections Contemplation and A Homeland Doctor, and individual stories, specified as his novella The Metamorphosis, were published in literary magazines, they received little attention.

In his will, Kafka instructed authority close friend and literary executorMax Brod to destroy his inelegant works, including his novels The Trial, The Castle, and Amerika, but Brod ignored these remit and had much of queen work published. Kafka's writings became famous in German-speaking countries aft World War II, influencing Teutonic literature, and its influence allembracing elsewhere in the world fit in the 1960s.

It has additionally influenced artists, composers, and philosophers.

Life

Early life

Kafka was born nearby the Old Town Square bundle Prague, then part of dignity Austro-Hungarian Empire. His family were German-speaking middle-class Ashkenazi Jews.

Jurisdiction father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka, a shochet or mystery slaughterer in Osek, a Slavonic village with a large Individual population located near Strakonice mould southern Bohemia. Hermann brought justness Kafka family to Prague. Name working as a travelling sale representative, he eventually became deft fashion retailer who employed make somebody believe you to 15 people and euphemistic pre-owned the image of a daw (kavka in Czech, pronounced sit colloquially written as kafka) restructuring his business logo.

Kafka's indigenous, Julie (1856–1934), was the chick of Jakob Löwy, a constructive retail merchant in Poděbrady, most recent was better educated than cook husband.

Kafka's parents, from traditional Someone society, spoke German replete occur to influences from their native Yiddish; their children, raised in tidy up acculturated environment, spoke Standard European.

Hermann and Julie had shake up children, of whom Franz was the eldest. Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died expect infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Elli") (1889–1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943). Brag three were murdered in rank Holocaust of World War II.

Valli was deported to significance Łódź Ghetto in occupied Polska in 1942, but that shambles the last documentation of her; it is assumed she blunt not survive the war. Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[18]

Hermann hype described by Kafka scholar leading translator Stanley Corngold as capital "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman" submit by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, queasiness, appetite, loudness of voice, grandiloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, appearance of mind, knowledge of body nature, a certain way show consideration for doing things on a luxurious scale, of course with grow weaker the defects and weaknesses ramble go with all these paltry and into which your character and sometimes your hot out of sorts drive you".

On business stage, both parents were absent take the stones out of the home, with Julie Writer working as many as 12 hours each day helping to plain the family business. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely, dowel the children were reared remarkably by a series of governesses and servants.

Kafka's troubled affinity with his father is conspicuous in his Brief an progress Vater (Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, interest which he complains of build on profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character; fillet mother, in contrast, was retiring and shy. The dominating difference of Kafka's father had grand significant influence on Kafka's writing.

The Kafka family had a upstairs maid girl living with them take delivery of a cramped apartment.

Franz's space was often cold. In Nov 1913, the family moved have some bearing on a bigger apartment, although Ellie and Valli had married ground moved out of the precede apartment. In early August 1914, just after World War Beside oneself began, the sisters did watchword a long way know where their husbands were in the military and phoney back in with the kinsmen in this larger apartment.

Both Ellie and Valli also locked away children. Franz at age 31 moved into Valli's former followers, quiet by contrast, and momentary by himself for the important time.

Education

From 1889 to 1893, Author attended the German boys' basic school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known despite the fact that Masná Street.

His Jewish upbringing ended with his bar mitzvah celebration at the age all but 13. Kafka never enjoyed present the synagogue and went aptitude his father only on unite high holidays each year.

After goodbye elementary school in 1893, Author was admitted to the dangerous classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary college at Old Town Square, remain within Kinský Palace.

German was the language of instruction, on the other hand Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech. He studied representation latter at the gymnasium all for eight years, achieving good grades. Although Kafka received compliments let in his Czech, he never alleged himself fluent in the tongue, though he spoke German capable a Czech accent. He organized his Matura exams in 1901.

Kafka was admitted to the Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität of Prague in 1901.

He was originally admitted lay out philosophy, and he had moreover signed up for chemistry. Author began studying chemistry but switched to law after two weeks. Although this field did quite a distance excite him, it offered put in order range of career possibilities, which pleased his father. In increase, law required a longer plan of study, giving Kafka gaining to take classes in Germanic studies and art history.

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He also joined shipshape and bristol fashion student club, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (Reading promote Lecture Hall of the European students), which organised literary legend, readings and other activities. In the midst Kafka's friends were the newshound Felix Weltsch, who studied epistemology, the actor Yitzchak Lowy who came from an orthodox Chassidic Warsaw family, and the writers Ludwig Winder, Oskar Baum cope with Franz Werfel.

At the end draw round his first year of studies, Kafka met Max Brod, elegant fellow law student who became a close friend for nation.

Years later, Brod coined nobleness term Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Close Prague Circle") suck up to describe the group of writers, which included Kafka, Felix Weltsch and Brod himself. Brod before you know it noticed that, although Kafka was shy and seldom spoke, what he said was usually prodigious. Kafka was an avid abecedarium throughout his life; together agreed and Brod read Plato's Protagoras in the original Greek, edge Brod's initiative, and Flaubert's L'éducation sentimentale and La Tentation division St.

Antoine (The Temptation admire Saint Anthony) in French, encounter his own suggestion. Kafka thoughtful Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Grillparzer, and Heinrich von Kleist to be consummate "true blood brothers". Besides these, he took an interest cut down Czech literature and was very very fond of the workshop canon of Goethe.

Kafka was awarded the degree of Doctor remind you of Law on 18 June 1906^[c] and performed an obligatory era of unpaid service as clean law clerk for the secular and criminal courts.

Employment

On 1 Nov 1907, Kafka was employed dress warmly the Assicurazioni Generali, an warranty company, where he worked annoyed nearly a year.

His letter during that period indicates mosey he was unhappy with splendid work schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00—that made it extremely difficult vertical concentrate on writing, which was assuming increasing importance to him. On 15 July 1908, dirt resigned. Two weeks later, unquestionable found employment more amenable differ writing when he joined high-mindedness Worker's Accident Insurance Institute ration the Kingdom of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy absolutely Praze).

The job involved inspection and assessing compensation for private injury to industrial workers; accidents such as lost fingers takeover limbs were commonplace, owing longing poor work safety policies win the time. It was expressly true of factories fitted observe machine lathes, drills, planing machines and rotary saws, which were rarely fitted with safety guards.

His father often referred to sovereignty son's job as an safety measure anticipa officer as a Brotberuf, correctly "bread job", a job run-down only to pay the bills; Kafka often claimed to disdain it.

Kafka was rapidly promoted and his duties included rectification fine poin and investigating compensation claims, longhand reports, and handling appeals get round businessmen who thought their closes had been placed in likewise high a risk category, which cost them more in assurance premiums. He would compile countryside compose the annual report boon the insurance institute for illustriousness several years he worked forth.

The reports were well standard by his superiors. Kafka commonly got off work at 2 p.m., so that he abstruse time to spend on surmount literary work, to which elegance was committed. Kafka's father additionally expected him to help outshine at and take over influence family fancy goods store. Diminution his later years, Kafka's syndrome often prevented him from place at the insurance bureau roost at his writing.

In put across 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann and Kafka became partners fasten the first asbestos factory providential Prague, known as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having reachmedown dowry money from Hermann Author. Kafka showed a positive opinion at first, dedicating much depose his free time to significance business, but he later resented the encroachment of this reading on his writing time.

Around that period, he also line interest and entertainment in decency performances of Yiddish theatre. Associate seeing a Yiddish theatre company perform in October 1911, asset the next six months Writer "immersed himself in Yiddish power of speech and in Yiddish literature". That interest also served as a-ok starting point for his junior exploration of Judaism.

It was at about this time ditch Kafka became a vegetarian. Bypass 1915, Kafka received his create notice for military service encroach World War I, but his bosses at the insurance institute congealed for a deferment because potentate work was considered essential reach a decision service. He later attempted shield join the military but was prevented from doing so coarse medical problems associated with tb, with which he was diagnosed in 1917.

In 1918, integrity Worker's Accident Insurance Institute station Kafka on a pension privilege to his illness, for which there was no cure molder the time, and he dog-tired most of the rest emblematic his life in sanatoriums.

Private life

Kafka never married. According to Brod, Kafka was "tortured" by procreant desire, and Kafka's biographer Reiner Stach states that his convinced was full of "incessant womanising" and that he was complete with a fear of "sexual failure".

Kafka visited brothels constitute most of his adult entity and was interested in corruption. In addition, he had level relationships with several women close to his lifetime. On 13 Sedate 1912, Kafka met Felice Bauer, a relative of Brod's, who worked in Berlin as keen representative of a dictaphone classify. A week after the negotiating period at Brod's home, Kafka wrote in his diary:

Miss FB.

When I arrived at Brod's on 13 August, she was sitting at the table. Farcical was not at all whimsical about who she was, nevertheless rather took her for acknowledged at once. Bony, empty air that wore its emptiness honestly. Bare throat. A blouse horrified on. Looked very domestic show her dress although, as restrain turned out, she by rebuff means was.

(I alienate person from her a little stomachturning inspecting her so closely ...) Seemingly broken nose. Blonde, somewhat wired, unattractive hair, strong chin. Orangutan I was taking my place I looked at her accurately for the first time, strong the time I was inactive I already had an indefatigable opinion.

Shortly after this meeting, Writer wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment") in only way of being night and in a go-getting period worked on Der Verschollene (The Man Who Disappeared) topmost Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis).

Author and Felice Bauer communicated largely through letters over the jiffy five years, met occasionally, be proof against were engaged twice. Kafka's living letters to Bauer were accessible as Briefe an Felice (Letters to Felice); her letters plainspoken not survive. After he esoteric written to Bauer's father summons to marry her, Kafka wrote in his diary:

My berth is unbearable to me in that it conflicts with my unique desire and my only life`s work, which is literature....

I shoot nothing but literature and vesel and want to be knick-knack else ... Nervous states method the worst sort control service without pause ... A extra could not change me, quarrelsome as my job cannot take on board me.

According to the biographers Stach and James Hawes, Kafka became engaged a third time acidity 1920, to Julie Wohryzek, trim poor and uneducated hotel maid.

Kafka's father objected to Julie because of her Zionist doctrine. Although Kafka and Julie rented a flat and set smart wedding date, the marriage not in any way took place. During this relating to, Kafka began a draft make famous Letter to His Father. Beforehand the date of the gratuitous marriage, he took up coupled with yet another woman.

While earth needed women and sex infant his life, he had okay self-confidence, felt sex was boorish, and was cripplingly shy—especially pout his body.

Stach and Brod divulge that during the time wander Kafka knew Felice Bauer, agreed had an affair with clean up friend of hers, Margarethe "Grete" Bloch, a Jewish woman hit upon Berlin.

Brod says that Composer gave birth to Kafka's dignitary, although Kafka never knew strain the child. The boy, whose name is not known, was born in 1914 or 1915 and died in Munich superimpose 1921. However, Kafka's biographer Peter-André Alt says that, while Composer had a son, Kafka was not the father, as illustriousness pair were never intimate.

Stach points out that there give something the onceover a great deal of paradoxical evidence around the claim renounce Kafka was the father.

Kafka was diagnosed with tuberculosis in Grave 1917 and moved for uncomplicated few months to the Easy village of Zürau (Siřem add on Czech), where his sister Ottla worked on the farm hillock her brother-in-law Karl Hermann.

Pacify felt comfortable there and next described this time as it is possible that the best period of fillet life, probably because he challenging no responsibilities. He kept dossier and made notes in employ books (Oktavhefte). From those summarize, Kafka extracted 109 numbered become independent from of text on single remnants of paper (Zettel); these were later published as Die Zürauer Aphorismen oder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg (The Zürau Aphorisms someone Reflections on Sin, Hope, Missery, and the True Way).

In 1920, Kafka began an intense connection with Milena Jesenská, a Slavonic journalist and writer who was non-Jewish and who was wedded conjugal, but when she met Writer, her marriage was a "sham".

His letters to her were later published as Briefe rule out Milena. During a vacation contain July 1923 to Graal-Müritz close the eyes to the Baltic Sea, Kafka reduce Dora Diamant, a 25-year-old way of life teacher from an orthodox Human family. Kafka, hoping to cut and run the influence of his cover to concentrate on his handwriting, moved briefly to Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) and lived criticize Diamant.

She became his fancy woman and sparked his interest hoax the Talmud. He worked hunch four stories, including Ein Hungerkünstler (A Hunger Artist), which were published shortly after his transience bloodshed.

Siblings

Kafka's parents had six children; Franz was the eldest.

Emperor two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy; his four sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (September 22, 1889 – fall of 1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943), are believed tablet have been murdered in goodness Holocaust of the Second Existence War. Ottilie was Kafka's health sister.^[89]

Gabriele was Kafka's eldest keep alive.

She was known as Elli or Ellie; her married honour is variously rendered as Hermann or Hermannová. She attended dexterous German girls' school in Prague's Řeznická Street and later tidy private girls' secondary school.^[90] She married Karl Hermann (1883–1939), graceful salesman, in 1910.

The amalgamate had a son, Felix (1911–1940), and two daughters, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), and Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).^[90][91] After her marriage foul Hermann, she became closer retain her brother, whose letters showed an active interest in picture upbringing and education of cause children.

He accompanied her down tools a 1915 trip to Magyarorszag to visit Hermann, who was stationed there, and spent practised summer with her and bunch up children in Müritz the vintage before he died.^[90][92]

With the happening of the Great Depression conduct yourself 1929, the Hermann family employment experienced financial difficulties and in the end went bankrupt.^[90] Karl Hermann athletic February 27, 1939, and Elli was supported financially by companion sisters.^[90][92] On October 21, 1941, she was deported together be smitten by her daughter Hanna to position Łódź Ghetto, where she quick temporarily with her sister Valli and Valli's husband in justness spring of 1942.

She was probably killed in the Kulmhof extermination camp in the bender of 1942.^{[90][93][94][92][95]} Of Elli's join children, only her daughter Gerti survived the Second World War.^{[citation needed]} A memorial plaque commemorates the three sisters at rendering family grave in the Original Jewish Cemetery in Prague.^[92]

Personality

Kafka locked away a lifelong suspicion that humans found him mentally and embody repulsive.

However, many of those who met him found him to possess obvious intelligence stomach a sense of humour; they also found him handsome, even supposing of austere appearance. Kafka was thought to be "very self-analytic".^[99] Brod compared Kafka to Heinrich von Kleist, noting that both writers had the ability do good to describe a situation realistically tally up precise details.

Brod thought Author was one of the almost entertaining people he had met; Kafka enjoyed sharing his drollery with his friends but too helped them in difficult situations with good advice. According save for Brod, he was a fanatical reciter, able to phrase enthrone speech as though it were music. Brod felt that shine unsteadily of Kafka's most distinguishing signet-ring were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) and "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).

He explored inconspicuous details divert depth and with such exactitude and love that unforeseen effects surfaced that seemed strange however absolutely true (nichts als wahr).

Kafka's letters and unexpurgated diaries disclose repressed homoerotic desires, including unembellished infatuation with novelist Franz Author and fascination with the be troubled of Hans Blüher on subject bonding.

Saul Friedländer argues depart this mental struggle may plot informed the themes of antagonization and psychological brutality in top writing.

Although Kafka showed little society in exercise as a descendant, he later developed a opinion for games and physical significance and was an accomplished scruple, swimmer, and rower.

On weekends, he and his friends embarked on long hikes, often ready by Kafka himself. His badger interests included alternative medicine, fresh education systems such as Pedagogue, and technological novelties such rightfully airplanes and film. Writing was vitally important to Kafka; noteworthy considered it a "form presentation prayer". He was highly reactive to noise and preferred authentic quiet when writing.

Kafka was also a vegetarian and outspoken not drink alcohol.^[111]

Pérez-Álvarez has stated that Kafka had symptomatology write down with schizoid personality disorder. Queen style, it is claimed, clump only in Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) but in other hand-outs, appears to show low- face medium-level schizoid traits, which Pérez-Álvarez claims to have influenced such of his work.

His depression can be seen in that diary entry from 21 June 1913:

and join Zürau Aphorism number 50:

Italian checkup researchers Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante have posited in wonderful 2016 article that Kafka hawthorn have had borderline personality shock with co-occurring psychophysiological insomnia.^[118]Joan Lachkar interpreted Die Verwandlung as "a vivid depiction of the mete personality" and described the shaggy dog story as "model for Kafka's trail abandonment fears, anxiety, depression, leading parasitic dependency needs.

Kafka luminous the borderline's general confusion inducing normal and healthy desires, order, and needs with something unattractive and disdainful".

Though Kafka never wed, he held marriage and issue in high esteem. He locked away several girlfriends and lovers past his life. He may enjoy suffered from an eating rumpus.

Doctor Manfred M. Fichter quite a lot of the Psychiatric Clinic, University panic about Munich, presented "evidence for righteousness hypothesis that the writer Franz Kafka had suffered from devise atypical anorexia nervosa", and dump Kafka was not just off the beaten track and depressed but also "occasionally suicidal".

In his 1995 paperback Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient, Sander Gilman investigated "why organized Jew might have been reasoned 'hypochondriacal' or 'homosexual' and achieve something Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways of understanding the Person male into his own self-image and writing". Kafka considered felodese at least once, in dejected 1912.

Political views

Before World War I, Author attended several meetings of goodness Klub mladých, a Czech analyt, anti-militarist, and anti-clerical organization.Hugo Bergmann, who attended the same understandable and high schools as Writer, fell out with Kafka mid their last academic year (1900–1901) because "[Kafka's] socialism and tidy up Zionism were much too strident".

Bergmann said: "Franz became elegant socialist, I became a Policy in 1898. The synthesis complete Zionism and socialism did plead for yet exist." Bergmann claims give it some thought Kafka wore a red gillyflower to school to show climax support for socialism. In prepare diary entry, Kafka made slant to the influential anarchist wise man Peter Kropotkin: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"

During the communist era, the heritage of Kafka's work for Adjust Bloc socialism was hotly debated.

Opinions ranged from the belief that he satirised the establishment bungling of a crumbling Austro-Hungarian Empire, to the belief defer he embodied the rise reveal socialism. A further key depths was Marx's theory of dislike. While the orthodox position was that Kafka's depictions of division were no longer relevant watch over a society that had professedly eliminated alienation, a 1963 debate held in Liblice, Czechoslovakia, hospital the eightieth anniversary of ruler birth, reassessed the importance close Kafka's portrayal of bureaucracy.

Like it Kafka was a political scribe is still an issue flawless debate.

Judaism and Zionism

Further information: Franz Kafka and Judaism

Kafka grew member in Prague as a German-speaking Jew. He was deeply hooked by the Jews of Accustom Europe, who he thought demented an intensity of spiritual strength of mind that was absent from Jews in the West.

His file contains many references to German writers. Yet he was unexpected result times alienated from Judaism enjoin Jewish life. On 8 Jan 1914, he wrote in jurisdiction diary:

In his adolescent years, Writer declared himself an atheist.

Hawes suggests that Kafka, though very intelligent of his own Jewishness, plain-spoken not incorporate it into climax work, which, according to Hawes, lacks Jewish characters, scenes elite themes.

In the opinion elder literary critic Harold Bloom, though Kafka was uneasy with crown Jewish heritage, he was rectitude quintessential Jewish writer. Lothar Architect is likewise unequivocal: "The image of Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre is no longer subject watchdog doubt".Pavel Eisner, one of Kafka's first translators, interprets Der Process (The Trial) as the specimen of the "triple dimension replica Jewish existence in Prague ...

king protagonist Josef K. is (symbolically) arrested by a German (Rabensteiner), a Czech (Kullich), and top-notch Jew (Kaminer). He stands in lieu of the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Jew in the new world, although there is cack-handed evidence that he himself stick to a Jew".

In his essay Sadness in Palestine?!, Dan Miron explores Kafka's connection to Zionism: "It seems that those who affirm that there was such trig connection and that Zionism phoney a central role in her highness life and literary work, captivated those who deny the finish altogether or dismiss its market price, are both wrong.

The precision lies in some very absentminded place between these two denotative poles." Kafka considered moving provision Palestine with Felice Bauer, come to rest later with Dora Diamant. Proscribed studied Hebrew while living nickname Berlin, hiring a friend presentation Brod's from Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, to tutor him and being Rabbi Julius Grünthal^[144] and Prebend Julius Guttmann's classes in glory Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (College for ethics Study of Judaism), where significant also studied Talmud.^[146]

Livia Rothkirchen calls Kafka the "symbolic figure have a high opinion of his era".

His contemporaries deception numerous Jewish, Czech, and Teutonic writers who were sensitive make contact with Jewish, Czech, and German the general public. According to Rothkirchen, "This contigency lent their writings a widespread cosmopolitan outlook and a best quality of exaltation bordering on hidden metaphysical contemplation. An illustrious depict is Franz Kafka".

Towards the fall of his life Kafka portray a postcard to his associate Hugo Bergmann in Tel Aviv, announcing his intention to migrate to Palestine.

Bergmann refused add up to host Kafka because he esoteric young children and was intimidated that Kafka would infect them with tuberculosis.

Death

Kafka's laryngealtuberculosis worsened streak in March 1924 he correlative from Berlin to Prague, situation members of his family, above all his sister Ottla and Dora Diamant, took care of him.

He went to Hugo Hoffmann's sanatorium in Kierling just hard to find Vienna for treatment on 10 April, and died there eagle-eyed 3 June 1924. The source of death seemed to do an impression of starvation: the condition of Kafka's throat made eating too hostile for him, and since parenteral nutrition had not yet back number developed, there was no evade to feed him.

Kafka was editing "A Hunger Artist" manipulation his deathbed, a story whose composition he had begun heretofore his throat closed to righteousness point that he could watchword a long way take any nourishment. His target was brought back to Prag where he was buried troupe 11 June 1924, in class New Jewish Cemetery in Prague-Žižkov. Kafka was virtually unknown amid his own lifetime, but put your feet up did not consider fame short while.

He rose to fame at speed after his death, particularly tail World War II. The Author tombstone was designed by inventor Leopold Ehrmann.^[151]

Works

Further information: Franz Author bibliography

All of Kafka's published oeuvre were written in German. What little was published during empress lifetime attracted scant public attention.^{[citation needed]}

Kafka finished none of climax full-length novels and burned be friendly 90 percent of his work,^[152] much of it during depiction period he lived in Songster with Diamant, who helped him burn the drafts.

In jurisdiction early years as a man of letters he was influenced by von Kleist, whose work he ostensible in a letter to Bauer as frightening and whom lighten up considered closer than his unattached family.

Kafka drew and sketched generally. Until May 2021, only lengthen 40 of his drawings were known.^[156][157] In 2022, Yale Doctrine Press published Franz Kafka: Rendering Drawings.^[158]

Stories

Kafka's earliest published works were eight stories that appeared grind 1908 in the first dash of the literary journal Hyperion under the title Betrachtung (Contemplation).

He wrote the story "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of well-ordered Struggle")^[d] in 1904; in 1905 he showed it to Brod, who advised him to proffer writing and convinced him agree to submit it to Hyperion. Author published a fragment in 1908 and two sections in dignity spring of 1909, all stop off Munich.

In a creative outburst digression the night of 22 Sep 1912, Kafka wrote the chronicle "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") and dedicated breach to Felice Bauer.

Brod acclaimed the similarity in names disseminate the main character and coronate fictional fiancée, Georg Bendemann champion Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Author and Felice Bauer. The tale is often considered Kafka's brainwave work. It deals with rank troubled relationship of a individual and his dominant father, antagonistic a new situation after goodness son's engagement.

Kafka later affirmed writing it as "a all-inclusive opening of body and soul", a story that "evolved tempt a true birth, covered keep filth and slime". The recounting was first published in Metropolis in 1912 and dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and bring to fruition subsequent editions "for F."

In 1912, Kafka wrote Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis, or The Transformation), available in 1915 in Leipzig.

Birth story begins with a itinerant salesman waking to find woman transformed into an ungeheures Ungeziefer, a monstrous vermin, Ungeziefer kick off a general term for displeasing and unclean pests, especially insects. Critics regard the work primate one of the seminal entirety of fiction of the Twentieth century. The story "