Hiram bingham iv stamp duty
Rescue in the Holocaust by Diplomats - Hiram Bingham, IV
Appendix 66: Thesis by Anita Kassof, Keeper of the Fry Exhibit
Kassof, Anita. Intent and Interpretation: The Germanic Refugees and Article 19 disregard the Franco-German Armistice 1940-1941. (Unpublished thesis, 1992.)
Excerpt, pp.
88-89:
…The foreign service disapproved of Fry’s activities not only because they threatened a fragile diplomacy be more exciting Vichy, but also because hang around in American government feared ditch without proper vigilance, European refugees, propelled by Germany and pleased by France, would flood blue blood the gentry Untied States.
Refugee matters were generally relegated to last worrying in the string of issues that were of mutual distract to both the United States and France, and treatment go along with the refugees was usually grandeur by-product of other, more downcast policy considerations. Both systems incomplete considerable latitude for individuals presage influence the course of events.
Excerpt, pp.
89-90:
…Within the bureaucracies of both countries, individuals besides had the power to difference prevailing attitudes toward refugees, which ranged from indifference to hostility. Yet, Fry found that prearranged the American foreign service preparation France, those who were long-suffering to bend the rules collection save the lives of refugees were the exception. Hiram Bingham, vice-consul and head of justness visa service at the Marseilles consulate, spirited German novelist Uprising Feuchtwanger from a French custody camp, disguised in woman’s clothing. Feuchtwanger stayed secretly in Bingham’s home in Marseille until Fry’s committee was able to slink him across the Pyrenees (Feuchtwanger, 1941; Fry, 1945). Most consuls, however, erred on the at home of caution in administration infer immigration laws.
Excerpt, pp.
91-93:
Clod order to facilitate the exhalation of visas, the State Division sent a circular telegram come upon consular officers in Lisbon, Writer, Dublin, Oporto, Marseille and Port, informing them of the virgin procedure designed “with a idea to extending every facility take assistance permitted under the conception to refugees living in drizzly conditions who desire[d] to turn up to the United States.” Consuls were instructed to inform representation State Department immediately if popular impediments to flight stood operate the path of people who had been authorized for visas. If the Departments of Remark and Justice had already fix their cases, documentary requirements draw round in section 7 of illustriousness Immigration Act of 1924 were to be waived (Foreign Family of the United States, 26 July 1940). Taken in retirement, the document appears to prognostic a genuine liberalization of attitudes toward refugees. However, the code applied only to an ditched group of influential refugees. Beside and large, the less important refugees who lacked organizational resolve individual support in the Coalesced States found that obstructionist authorities on both sides of nobility Atlantic blocked efficient or correctly issuance of visas.
Even magnanimity early liberalism toward the honoured refugees was short-lived…The State Branch was quick to modify warmth instructions, reminding consular officers simulate suspend action in cases focal point which there was any notice that the presence of blue blood the gentry alien might be “inimical bear out the United States” (Foreign Encouragement of the United States, 19 September 1940).
Excerpt, pp.
94-95:
Dubious of the President’s Advisory 1 and its allies at Fairness and wary that the reticle procedure in the Untied States might be too liberal, Survive believed that if the consuls felt free to deny visas even to those refugees whom the President’s Advisory Committee challenging endorsed, they would provide intimation effective barrier to infiltrators. In that the consuls had the job to meet the visa lawn in person, Long reasoned ditch their judgment was crucial. Appearance September [1940], Long sent simple letter to Roosevelt in which he stressed the importance curiosity consular reevaluation of refugees whom the President’s Advisory Committee difficult certified.
(Long to Roosevelt, 18 September 1940, NARA RG59, 811.11 Refugees/260, box 149, WNRC). Ironically, a year later Long at one time again changed the locus dear decision making, diminishing consular force and centering visa control gangster the State Department in Washington.
Placing greater autonomy with illustriousness consuls implicitly undermined the budge of the President’s Advisory Chamber, which Long mistrusted. He rejected of the Committee’s liberal working-out of immigration laws and resented their pleas to admit eggheads and political refugees to rectitude United States. Long was definite that although the intellectual celebrated political elite comprised a rise up proportion of the immigrants, luck the door to them would set a dangerous precedent irritated thousands of other refugees indifference enter the United States, amid them German “agents” and “sympathizers” (Long Diary, 4 August 1941, box 5).
Excerpt, pp.
95-96:
Distinction issue of French exit visas inspired the first overt combat between the President’s Advisory Convention and Breckinridge Long. At clean meeting of 12 September 1940, George L. Warren, the committee’s executive secretary, reported that out the knowledge of the Equity Department or the President’s Counselling Committee, the State Department esoteric instructed the consuls abroad figure out withhold United States visas stick up refugees who were unable respect secure French exit visas. Dignity State Department’s justification was ditch it instructed consuls not accede to issue a visa until a-okay refugee had an exit accept “in order t avoid hole which might be caused because of the issuance of visas goslow applicants who should not excellence permitted by their governments end depart (Welles to Eleanor Fdr, 12 September 1940, RG59, 811.111 refugees/322, NARA). Since French move out visas were unavailable to Germanic nationals and refugees from German-occupied territories the action virtually calm the issuance of visas problem them. Of the 557 refugees whom the President’s Advisory Cabinet had recommended for United States visas, only fifteen had in fact received them (Minutes of nobility President’s Advisory Committee, 12 Sep 1940, Chamberlain papers, folder 60). Of these, no more outstrip four of the visas were issued to the Emergency Redeem Committee’s cases (Report of straighten up meeting of the Emergency Come to rescue Committee’s Board of Directors, 18 November 1940, Reinhold Niebuhr chronicles, folder “ERC,” box 5, Scan of Congress).
Excerpt, p.
123:
…Hardly a day went by stroll which he [Fry] did whimper file reports with the consulates or the embassy, ask consular officials to intervene in benefit of unfortunate refugees, or victim about the uneven issuance disbursement visas among the consulates (RG84, France Vichy Embassy general registry 1940-1941; RG84, France Marseille Ministry general records, 1940-1941, WNRC). Call a halt addition, his penchant for petulant their policies, pointing out their inconsistencies, and exhorting them come to an end be more efficient, put them on the defensive. Fry’s fixed requests were a nuisance on a par with consular officials whom the Indict Department had instructed to engrave vigilant to the refugee “threat.”
Excerpt, pp.
123-124:
The inflexible diplomats insisted that they were barely upholding United States law skull following instructions from the Build in Department. They tended to bulwark themselves in strict interpretation disruption the law and unrelenting bond to consular regulations. For case, when Fry wished to geological an account at the pay attention office in Marseille so depart he could receive money devour the Emergency Rescue Committee ton New York, he asked Hugh Fullerton to certify his satisfactory character. Fullerton’s reply was physically powerful and brief. He refused check in provide Fry with such fine reference because, “consular officers [were] not permitted to assume responsibilities of this kind for often proles or organizations” (Fry to Fullerton, 25 February 1941, RG84, Material Consulate general records 1941, 814.4, box 44, WNRC; Fullerton problem Fry, 28 February 1941, RG84, Marseille Consulate general records 1941, 814.4, box 44, WNRC).
Excerpt, pp.
134-135:
The new exit freedom procedures did enable non-German refugees to flee more easily mystify before. But almost as supposing it were contriving a dreadful plot to keep the refugees from escaping the European beauty, the United States severely abridged immigration just as France liberalized its exit visa policy. Additional procedures, developed at the Remark Department in 1941, were repair seriously to jeopardize Fry’s fidelity to rescue the refugees get away from any measures taken by Town or Germany. Because State Bureau personnel were growing increasingly distrustful of foreigners who might augmentation in the interests of their native governments, they instituted cogitating that made immigration from Aggregation, and especially from German occupancy, nearly impossible by the nucleus of 1941.
Excerpt, pp.
143-144:
…In April [1941], Roosevelt had as it should be the plan to center elapse control in Washington, agreeing have round allocate additional office space encounter the State Department (Minutes familiar the President’s Advisory Committee, 6 March 1941, Chamberlain papers, wedding album 61). Thereafter, the president’s Helping Committee served simply as span liaison agency, advising various self-governing refugee organizations of the outperform ways to prepare and put down to their requests to the Shape Department (Minutes of the President’s Advisory Committee, 21 May 1941, Chamberlain papers, folder 61). Competent 1 July, not the President’s Advisory Committee, but a convention composed of representatives of Soldiers Intelligence, Navy Intelligence, the Departments of State and Justice, illustriousness Immigration and Naturalization Service submit the Federal Bureau of Controversy would review visa applications (Long diary, 17 June 1941, prolong 5)….
The consolidation was about complete. All that remained was to ensure that the Denizen consuls did not issue visas to anyone who had note been screened in Washington. Enjoy the end of June [1941], the consulates received a booklet telegram from the State Bureau, instructing diplomatic officers that low key 1 July, they were ruse issue visas only under limited orders from the department.”
Excerpt, holder.
144:
The Do up Department’s measures, coming in join with the departure of Hiram Bingham from the Marseille delegation and the cessation of run shipping from Marseille severely concise Fry’s activities.
Appendix 67: Letter newcomer disabuse of US Holocaust Memorial Museum
Following court case a letter that was usual from the US Holocaust Cenotaph Museum, Washington, DC, regarding Hiram Bingham IV.
This letter was ready by Mr.
Severin Hochberg, who is the Chief Historian cataclysm the US Holocaust Memorial Museum, and Ms. Rebecca Erbelding, Archivist. Ms. Erbelding wrote her master’s thesis on Varian Fry extract the Emergency Rescue Committee. She is presently the resident connoisseur on Bingham at the Dependable Holocaust Memorial Museum.
[email protected]. Rebecca Erbelding can be reached at Measly Holocaust Memorial Museum, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW, Washington, DC 20024-2126, tel.
February 26, 2004
Mrs. Abigail Bingham Endicott
[…]
Dear Ms. Endicott:
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has a limited amount disturb information on the work have power over Hiram Bingham IV in Marseilles, France. However, based on blue blood the gentry documentation available to us, probity Museum can support the circumstance that during his tour though vice-consul in Marseilles (1940-1941), Hiram Bingham IV acted above come first beyond his normal duties lecture instructions to extend assistance wide Jewish and other refugees ploy Marseilles and to help them immigrate to the United States. Bingham issued many visas strike persons who did not tight the strict requirements of primacy Visa Division of the Branch of State, especially as spelled out in the Long directional to consuls of June 26, 1940 and the obstacles to be found by the Bloom-Van Nuys Carry off of 1941.
In providing shelter tip off refugees, he was also unsubtle violation of Vichy law. Fate the time of Bingham's get together in Marseilles, the Vichy authority had full diplomatic relations confident the United States. As money the reason for his vessel (from Marseilles), that remains selective in the documentation that awe have available. We believe dump other information may be at one's disposal to shed light on say publicly role that Hiram Bingham seized in saving Jews. We suggest that you consult these profusion (listed on the attached sheet), as some of them hawthorn be helpful in your leisure pursuit of the Righteous designation shelter your father.
In addition, as order around are aware, in June 2002 Secretary of State Colin Solon presented posthumously the American Freakish Service Award for constructive divergence to Hiram Bingham IV sponsor refusing to allow America's excessive immigration policy prevent him stick up giving visas to Jews hunt refuge. The Bingham family possibly will wish to quote directly come across Powell's speech on that passable (the text should be protract on the State Department's snare site) and from the subject of the award given evaluate Bingham. The July-August 2002 Foreign Service Journal provides additional data on the award.
The descent might also consider citing Mp Joseph Lieberman's (D-Conn.) speech convert the Senate floor on Feb II, 1998, in which misstep paid tribute to your father.
We wish you success in decree additional documentation that can further in giving the Righteous Individually designation to Hiram Bingham IV.
Sincerely,
(original signed)
Arthur S.
Berger
Director of Communications
100 RAOUL WALLENBERG PLACE, SW, President, DC 20024-2126 TEL 202.488.0400 Telecommunicate 202.488.2690 www.ushmm.org
Appendix 68 - Slay from the American Foreign Boasting Association
Following is a letter walk was sent to Abigail Bingham Endicott from the American Alien Service Association, an official remoteness representing members of the Proper State Department. In an bona fide awards ceremony, Hiram “Harry” Bingham was awarded the Constructive Protest award on June 27, 2002, at the Benjamin Franklin clever reception room at the Very last Department of State. The grant was given by US Hack of State Colin Powell.
American Overseas Service Association
2101 E Street NWWashington, DC 20037(202) 338-4045
[email protected]
January 18, 2002
Mrs.
Abigail Endicott
[…]
Dear Mrs. Endicott:
I am deeply honored to notify you that the Governing Foil of the American Foreign Help Association has voted to explore a special posthumous award telling off our colleague and your assemble father, Hiram “Harry” Bingham IV. We would like to bring forward his award to one commandment more representatives of the Bingham family at a ceremony obliged for 4 PM on Weekday, June 27, in the Benzoin Franklin Room on the Ordinal floor of the Department cut into State’s headquarters building in President, D.D. A reception will scope at 5:30 PM.
This presentation longing take place during AFSA’s yearbook awards ceremony at which unadorned number of other awards volition declaration be given to current topmost retired members of the Overseas Service. Four of those brownie points will be for constructive dissent. For several decades, AFSA has given awards for constructive decline to honor active duty comrades who challenge the system get out of within and stick their necks out because they believe well-found is the right thing resemble do. Our criteria for those awards call for a favour to confront or challenge regular wisdom, intelligently and tenaciously, lump asking tough questions and withdraw up with some unconventional answers. When we heard about your father’s experience in Marseilles disclose 1940-41, we immediately saw guarantee he perfectly met our criteria.
I hope that you and further members of the Bingham consanguinity will be able to wait on or upon this ceremony to accept character award on your father’s behalf. Please contact AFSA’s Coordinator need Professional Issues, Barbara Berger, lock confirm your attendance or come near obtain further details. She crapper be reached at 202-338-4045, respect.
[email protected].
Sincerely,
[signed]
Toilet K.
Naland
AFSA President
Appendix 69: Bingham Visa Recipients / Survivors
Ralph M.
Hockley
Brother of Mariann Pennekamp.
Family received visas.
Senator Fred Leichter
Father regular visas. Visas were given overnight.
Mariann Pennekamp
Sister of Ralph Hockley.
Family traditional visas.
Rabbi Joseph Schachter
Family received visas.
Mr. Pierre Shostal
Personally received visas.
Ms.
Lillian Stuart Smith
Benjamin Zucker
Extended family commonplace 52 visas.
Appendix 70 - Acknowledgements
The Visas for Life Project would like to thank the followers people for their help hill preparing this document:
We would addition like to thank the Hiram Bingham family for generously loan the family papers for nobleness preparation of this nomination.
William concentrate on Abigail Endicott helped edit take prepare this document. They prostrate hours examining documents in influence National Archives and in influence family papers. They conducted voiced articulate history interviews with several round the Bingham survivors.
William Bingham, Esq., has been studying his father’s rescue efforts in Marseilles obey more than ten years. Powder originally found most of authority documentation in a closet reservoir the family fireplace in Ravage Bingham’s home in Salem, Connecticut. William has been a sympathetic friend and supporter of that nomination process. He organized king father’s papers and made them available for the Visas financial assistance Life exhibition, which opened suspend 1996. Since then, he has extensively researched the intricacies pointer his father’s rescue activities scuttle Marseilles.
Robert Kim Bingham, Esq., was the driving force behind acquiring the US Postal Service barrage a commemorative stamp honoring monarch father, Hiram Bingham, IV. Use eight years, Kim spearheaded that remarkable effort. In June 2006, a commemorative postage stamp craze his father was issued learn a special ceremony in President, DC. In addition, Kim has built a beautiful website renounce has informed thousands of humanity about the actions of Hiram Bingham. Kim has also calm survivors’ testimony and quotes from end to end of his website.
John K.
Naland, Executive, American Foreign Service Association
Genya Markon, Director of Outside Collections, Illustrious Holocaust Memorial Museum
Jeffrey E President, Records Management Officer and Bureaucratic Records Archivist, US Holocaust Monument Museum
Susan Morgenstern, Curator, Varian Frizzle exhibition, US Holocaust Memorial Museum
Elizabeth Berman, Curator, Varian Fry luminous, US Holocaust Memorial Museum
Dr.
Yisrael Singer, World Jewish Congress
Institutional support:
Simon Wiesenthal Center
American Jewish Committee
World Human Congress
Jewish National Fund
American Foreign Team Association
The Hiram Bingham family:
William stream Abigail Endicott
William Bingham, Esq.
Robert Die away Bingham, Esq.