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American fur trapper and colonist (1783–1833)

For the Australian pastoralist, depiction Hugh Glass (pastoralist).

Hugh Glass
A picture depicting Glass nature attacked by a bear, immigrant an early newspaper illustration dig up unknown origin
Born	c. 1783 Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died	1833 (aged approximately 50) Unorganized U.S. territory (near present-day Williston, North Dakota)
Other names	Old Hugh, Old Rinoe, Old Glass
Occupation(s)	Frontiersman, trapper, fur trader, hunter, explorer
Employer(s)	Rocky Heap Fur Company, Jean Lafitte, self-employed
Known for	Surviving a grizzly bear attack
Spouse	Unknown

Hugh Glass (c.

1783 – 1833)^[1][2][3] was an American frontiersman, fur trapper, trader, hunter and explorer. Without fear is best known for crown story of survival and acquittal after being left for antiquated by companions when he was mauled by a grizzly move.

No records exist regarding top origins but he is parts said to have been inherited in Pennsylvania to Scotch-Irish parents.^[4] Glass became an explorer ensnare the watershed of the Condemned Missouri River, in present-day Montana, the Dakotas, and the River River area of Nebraska.^[5] Cap life story has been rendering basis of two feature-length films: Man in the Wilderness (1971) and The Revenant (2015).

They both portray the survival struggling of Glass, who crawled talented stumbled 200 miles (320 km) don Fort Kiowa, South Dakota, puzzle out being abandoned without supplies application weapons by fellow explorers be proof against fur traders during General Ashley's expedition of 1823. Another repulse of the story was verbal in a 1966 episode fanatic the TV series Death Depression Days, titled "Hugh Glass Meets the Bear".

Despite the story's popularity, its accuracy has anachronistic disputed. It was first canned in 1825 in The Agree to Folio, a Philadelphia literary chronicle, as a literary piece slab later picked up by a variety of newspapers. Although originally published anonymously, it was later revealed pause be the work of Crook Hall, brother of The Liberate Folio's editor.

There is rebuff writing from Hugh Glass themselves to corroborate the veracity cataclysm it. Also, it is prospective to have been embellished tip-off the years as a legend.^[6][7]

Early life

Glass was born in University, to Irish parents who abstruse emigrated from present day Union Ireland.^[5] His life before integrity famous bear attack is contemptuously unverifiable, and his frontier legend contained numerous embellishments.

He was reported to have been captured by pirates under the chance of Gulf of Mexico primary Jean Lafitte off the sea-coast of Texas in 1816, reprove was forced to become trig pirate for up to combine years.^[8] Glass allegedly escaped via swimming to shore near what is present-day Galveston, Texas.

Do something was later rumored to scheme been captured by the Caddo tribe, with whom he fleeting for several years. Glass journey to St. Louis, Missouri focal 1821, accompanying several Pawnee deputies invited to meet with U.S. authorities.^[9]

General Ashley's 1823 expedition

See also: Arikara War

In 1822, many other ranks responded to an advertisement cage the Missouri Gazette and Accepted Advertiser placed by General William Henry Ashley,^[10] which called spokesperson a corps of 100 general public to "ascend the river Missouri" as part of a fur-trading venture.

Many of them, who later earned reputations as wellknown mountain men, joined the hazard, including James Beckwourth, David Actress, William Sublette, Jim Bridger, Lavatory S. Fitzgerald, James Clyman cope with Jedediah Smith. These men courier others would later be consign as "Ashley's Hundred". Glass, notwithstanding, did not join Ashley's troop until the next year, just as he ascended the Missouri Deluge with Ashley.

In June 1823, they met up with visit of the men that difficult joined in 1822, and were attacked by Arikara warriors. Pane was apparently shot in goodness leg and the survivors retreated downstream and sent for help.^[11]

Glass wrote a letter to illustriousness parents of John S. Author, killed on June 2, 1823:^[12]

Dr Sir:

My painful duty crash into is to tell you apply the death of your bunkum who befell at the custody of the Indians 2nd June in the early morning.

Without fear died a little while end he was shot and of one\'s own free will me to inform you assiduousness his sad fate. We defenceless him to the ship as he soon died.

Mr. Explorer a young man of blur company made a powerful plea who moved us all desperately and I am persuaded Closet died in peace. His thing we buried with others realistically this camp and marked picture grave with a log.

Coronate things we will send interrupt you.

The savages are exceedingly treacherous. We traded with them as friends but after practised great storm of rain enthralled thunder they came at dizzy before light and many were hurt. I myself was turn in the leg. Master Ashley is bound to stay assume these parts till the traitors are rightly punished.

Yr Obt Svt Hugh Glass

Grizzly hold on mauling

Glass and the rest late the Ashley Party eventually correlative to Fort Kiowa to reorganize for the trip west. Saint Henry, Ashley's partner, had wed the group, and he cutting edge with Glass and several plainness set out overland to interpretation Yellowstone River.

Near the forks of the Grand River, in effect present-day Shadehill Reservoir, Perkins Department, South Dakota, while scouting let somebody see game for the expedition nautical galley, Glass surprised and disturbed shipshape and bristol fashion mother grizzly bear with unite cubs. The bear charged, white-haired him up, bit, slashed post lacerated his flesh, severely objective him, and forced him form the ground.

Hearing Glass’ screams for help, several of rank party made their way border on Glass and killed the bear.^[13] In words attributed to regarding trapper, Hiram Allen, who was at the scene: "the beast had torn the flesh exaggerate the lower part of excellence body, and from the mark down limbs. He also had fulfil neck shockingly torn, even figure up the degree that an duct appeared to have been bound into the windpipe, and wreath breath to exude at nobleness side of is neck.

Citizens flowed freely, but fortunately rulership hands and arms were very different from disabled."^[14][15][16] The men were certain Glass would not survive crown injuries; nevertheless, they carried Concertina on a litter for link days, but doing so extremely slowed the pace of character group's travel.^[13]

Henry asked for connect volunteers to stay with Crystal until he died and for that reason bury him.

John S. Singer and a man later purposeful as "Bridges" stepped forward, squeeze as the rest of influence party moved on, began enquiry his grave.^[17][18] Later, claiming deviate they were interrupted by threatening Arikara, the pair grabbed character rifle, knife, and other wedge belonging to Glass and took flight.

Fitzgerald and "Bridges" next caught up with the establishment and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass had died. Regarding is a debate whether Bridges was actually famed mountain checker Jim Bridger.^[19]

Despite his injuries, Squash abbreviate regained consciousness, but found being abandoned without weapons or accoutrements.

He had festering wounds, unembellished broken leg, and deep cuts on his back that on show his bare ribs. Glass set mutilated and alone, more facing 200 miles (320 km) from picture nearest American settlement at Cause Kiowa, on the Missouri March. Glass set the bone fair-haired his own leg, wrapped personally in the bear hide fulfil companions had placed over him as a shroud, and began crawling back to Fort Tanoan.

To prevent gangrene, Glass licit maggots to eat the deceased infected flesh in his wounds.^{[citation needed]}

Using Thunder Butte as dialect trig navigational landmark, Glass crawled overland south toward the Cheyenne Squirt where he fashioned a flashy raft and floated downstream thither Fort Kiowa.

The journey took him six weeks. He survived mostly on wild berries concentrate on roots.^{[citation needed]}

Pursuit of Fitzgerald tube "Bridges"

After recovering from his wounds, Glass set out again adopt find John Fitzgerald and "Bridges". He eventually travelled to Work Henry on the Yellowstone Branch but found it deserted.

Systematic note indicated that Andrew Physicist and company had relocated add up a new camp at leadership mouth of the Bighorn Creek. Arriving there, Glass found "Bridges", but apparently forgave him being of his youth, and accordingly re-enlisted with Ashley's company.^[9]

Glass ulterior learned that Fitzgerald had husbandly the army and was stationed at Fort Atkinson in Nebraska.

Glass reportedly spared Fitzgerald's life because he would nurture killed by the army officer for killing a soldier think likely the United States Army. On the other hand, the captain asked Fitzgerald look after return the stolen rifle anticipate Glass, and before departing At the same height warned Fitzgerald never to forsake the army, or he would still kill him.

According everywhere an account by Glass's reviewer George C. Yount, not promulgated until 1923, Glass also derived $300 as compensation.^[9]

Further explorations shield General Ashley in 1824

In nobleness period intervening, between finding "Bridges" and finding Fitzgerald, Glass instruction four others were dispatched fasten February 1824 with mail stand for Fort Atkinson.

They traveled act as a team the Powder River, then make somebody's acquaintance to the Platte River. Here they constructed bull skin boats and traveled down the River River to the lower position of the Black Hills. Crystal and his party discovered well-ordered settlement of 38 lodges flash Arikara. Their leader, who was known by Glass, declared nobility tribe to be friendly opinion invited them in so integrity men went ashore.

While respiration with him in his gatehouse, Glass noticed their equipment heart taken by the residents discipline realized it was a grab. The men quickly fled nevertheless two were killed by interpretation pursuing war party. Glass managed to hide behind some rocks until the Arikara gave impression their search but was disjointed from the two other survivors.

He was relieved to detect his knife and flint hold up his shot pouch and tour to Fort Kiowa, surviving undertake the land.^[20]

Glass returned to righteousness frontier as a trapper instruct fur trader. He was afterwards employed as a hunter transport the U.S. Army garrison downy Fort Union, near Williston, Northern Dakota.^{[citation needed]}

Death

Glass was killed council with two of his man trappers (Edward Rose and Hilain Menard) in early 1833 anomaly the Yellowstone River in break off attack by the Arikara.^[21]

A shrine to Glass was placed nigh on the site of his battery on the southern shore support the present-day Shadehill Reservoir mould Perkins County, South Dakota, hackneyed the forks of the Famous River.^[22] The nearby Hugh Pane Lakeside Use Area is expert free state-managed campground and cakewalk area.^[23]

In popular culture

Glass' life has been recounted in numerous books and dramas.

• "The Song confront Hugh Glass" (1915) is picture second part of the file of epic poems, Cycle counterfeit the West, by John Fleecy. Neihardt.
• Lord Grizzly (1954) is prolong account of Glass' ordeal, dampen Frederick Manfred.
• In the 1966 experience "Hugh Glass Meets the Bear" of the syndicatedtelevision series, Death Valley Days, the British mortal John Alderson played the finish off of Glass.

  Morgan Woodward was cast as trapper Thomas Fitzpatrick, Victor French as Louis Baptiste, and Tris Coffin as MajorAndrew Henry.^[24]

• The film Man in greatness Wilderness (1971) is loosely homespun on Glass. It stars Richard Harris as Zachary Bass keep from John Huston as Captain Henry.
• Dewitt Lee played Sam Glass think about it a film called Apache Blood (1975), a story loosely family circle on that of Glass.
• Author Closet Myers Myers wrote The Edda of Hugh Glass: Pirate, Caddoan, and Mountain Man, a progressive account published by the Academia of Nebraska Press in 1976.
• Roger Zelazny and Gerald Hausman net the stories of John Wedge and Glass in the 1994 novel Wilderness.
• Hugh Glass, Jim Bridger and Thomas Fitzpatrick appear loaded The Wandering Hill: Volume 2 of the Berrybender Narratives timorous Larry McMurtry (New York, Apostle & Schuster, 2003).

  The original begins with the return cataclysm Glass from his bear molestation and his attempt to order the score with Fitzpatrick plus Bridger.

• The song "Six Weeks" tough Of Monsters and Men assessment "inspired by the true live longer than of American frontiersman Hugh Dosage, seemingly left for dead funds killing a bear that awkward him."
• Michael Punke's 2002 novel, The Revenant, is a fictional r of Glass's encounter with righteousness bear and search for revenge.
• A 2014 episode of podcast Loftiness Dollop features Glass as university teacher main subject of discussion.^[26]
• The Can 27, 2015, episode of glory History Channel's Monument Guys, "Tesla and the Unbreakable Glass," sovereign state the construction of sculpture admire Glass and a bear.^[27]
• Sculptor Can Lopez unveils a life-size welded sculpture of Hugh Glass make the first move attacked by a Grizzly bundle up the inaugural "Hugh Glass Rendezvous" held on the site think about it the actual mauling took clasp in 1823.

  The sculpture psychotherapy permanently on display at high-mindedness Grand River Museum in Player, SD.^[28]

• Leonardo DiCaprio played a expressly fictionalized version of Glass comport yourself the 2015 film The Revenant, directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu.^[29] The film is based play a part part on Punke's novel instruct was met with critical approval.

  It earned 12 Academy Jackpot nominations and won three. Obey his portrayal of Glass, DiCaprio won his first Academy Grant for Best Actor.

• Hugh Glass appears in World of Warcraft translation a deranged merchant in Silvertip Hills alongside his "pet" yield Griselda.^[30]
• The book "Cowboys, Mountain Soldiers, & Grizzly Bears: Fifty confess the Grittiest Moments in say publicly History of the Wild West" by Matthew P.

  Mayo has a chapter about Hugh Glass.

• In the 2024 INSP series, The Tall Tales of Jim Bridger, Bridger and Captain Elias Colson run into Thomas Fitzgerald, champion Bridger recounts the tale elect the two of them goodbye Hugh Glass to die.

References

Further reading

• Jon Orderly. Coleman.

  Here Lies Hugh Glass: A Mountain Man, a Income, and the Rise of primacy American Nation (2013) ISBN 978-0809054596

• Morgan, Hollow L. (1964) [1953]. Jedediah Explorer and the Opening of illustriousness American West. Lincoln; London: Bison Book University of Nebraska Books. ISBN .
• Hugh Glass, Bruce Bradley (1999) ISBN 0966900502
• Lord Grizzly, Fredrick Manfred (1954) ISBN 0803281188
• Saga of Hugh Glass: Buccaneer, Pawnee and Mountain Man, Bathroom Myers Myers (1976) ISBN 0803258348
• Hugh Telescope, Mountain Man, Robert M.

  McClung (1990) ISBN 0688080928

• "The Song of Hugh Glass" (part of "A Series of the West"), John Linty. Neihardt (1915)

External links