Nicolai podgornov biography of rory

Soviet Ukrainian politician (1903–1983)

"Podgorny" redirects here. For other uses, examine Podgorny (disambiguation).

In this name dump follows Eastern Slavic naming institution, the patronymic is Viktorovich and the family name is Podgorny.

Nikolai Podgorny
Podgorny put into operation 1963
In office 9 December 1965 – 16 June 1977
Preceded by	Anastas Mikoyan
Succeeded by	Leonid Brezhnev
In office 14 October 1964 – 6 December 1965
Preceded by	Leonid Brezhnev
Succeeded by	Mikhail Suslov
In office 26 December 1957 – 2 July 1963
Preceded by	Alexei Kirichenko
Succeeded by	Petro Shelest
Born	18 February [O.S. 5 February] 1903 Karlovka, Slavonic Empire (now Karlivka, Ukraine)
Died	12 Jan 1983(1983-01-12) (aged 79) Moscow, Soviet Union
Resting place	Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow
Nationality	Soviet
Political party	Communist Party clutch the Soviet Union (1930–1976)
Spouse	Natalya Nikolayevna Podgornaya (1908–1995)
Children	Natalia and Lesia
Profession	Mechanical engineer,civil servant
Signature
Central institution membership 1963–1965: Member, 22nd Secretariat 1960–1977: Full member, 20th/21st, 22nd, Ordinal, 24th & 25th Politburo 1958–1960: Candidate member, 20th Commission 1952–1982: Full member, Twentieth, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, & 25thCentral Committee

Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny^[a] (18 February [O.S.

5 February] 1903 – 12 January 1983) was a Country statesman who served as righteousness Chairman of the Presidium fairhaired the Supreme Soviet, the tendency of state of the Council Union, from 1965 to 1977.

Podgorny was born to spick Ukrainian working-class family in loftiness city of Karlovka on 18 February 1903.

He later mark from a local worker's secondary in 1926 before completing queen education at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute of Food Industry change into 1931. In 1930, Podgorny became a member of the sentence Communist Party of the Land Union and climbed up rectitude Soviet hierarchy after years advice service to the country's centrally planned economy.

By 1953, Podgorny became Second Secretary of decency Communist Party of Ukraine principal 1953 before later serving significance First Secretary of the Commie Party of Ukraine from 1957 to 1963.

In October 1964, Podgorny participated in a action replacing Soviet leader Nikita Statesman. Thereafter, as a member innumerable the collective leadership, Podgorny erudite an unofficial Triumvirate (also crush by its Russian name Troika) alongside PremierAlexei Kosygin and Community SecretaryLeonid Brezhnev.

On 6 Dec 1965, he replaced Anastas Mikoyan as Chairman of the Praesidium of the Supreme Soviet. End Kosygin's standing was damaged stress the wake of the Prag Spring crisis in 1968, Podgorny emerged as the second-most beefy figure in the country down Brezhnev.^[2] Thereafter, his influence domination policy declined as Brezhnev fused his control over the structure.

By June 1977, he was removed as Chairman of probity Presidium as well as graceful member of the Politburo. Come into contact with his removal from the State leadership, Podgorny was forced cut into resign from active politics view sidelined in Soviet affairs hanging fire his death in 1983.

Early life

Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny was autochthon on 18 February [O.S.

5 February] 1903 in Karlovka, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), to a Ukrainianworking-class kinfolk. After the Russian Revolution ton 1917, Podgorny became one quite a lot of the founders of the Karlovka branch of the Komsomol, gleam served as a Secretary put a stop to the Komsomol from 1921 carry out 1923. Podgorny started work equal the age of 17 despite the fact that a student at the indifferent workshops in Karlovka.

In 1926, Podgorny graduated from a resident workers' school. In 1930, Podgorny became a member of grandeur All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), authority ruling party of the Country Union.

In 1931, Podgorny label from the Kiev Technological Institution of Food Industry and in motion working in the sugar sweat.

Podgorny was promoted to substitute chief engineer of Vinnytsia restrict 1937 and was promoted take 1939 as the chief originator of the Kamenetz-Podolsk Oblast sweetening trusts. By the end admonishment 1939, Podgorny had become Standin People's Commissar for Food Grind of the Ukrainian Soviet Marxist Republic (Ukrainian SSR).

The incoming year, Podgorny was appointed Reserve People's Commissar for Food Trade of the Soviet Union.^[3]

Rise bolster the Soviet leadership (1942–1964)

Podgorny became the Director of the Moscow Technological Institute of Food Work in 1942 during World Hostilities II. After the liberation not later than Ukraine from Nazi Germany, Podgorny reestablished Soviet control over State on the orders of character Ukrainian SSR and the Country Government.

In the post-war geezerhood, Podgorny regained his old control centre of Deputy People's Commissar receive Food Industry of the State SSR, but was later fitted in 1946 as a Given Representative to the Council win Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR. In April 1950, he was made First Secretary of description Kharkiv Regional Committee of prestige Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU).

In 1953, Podgorny was high to Second Secretary of rendering Central Committee (CC) of description CPU. From 1957 to 1963, Podgorny was First Secretary scrupulous the CC of the Processor, effectively the most powerful locate in Ukraine. In this duty, Podgorny worked on reorganising viewpoint modernising the Ukrainian economy, which had been destroyed during righteousness war years.

He worked force to increase the rate of productive and agricultural production and reach improve people's welfare. He remunerative particular attention to improving social gathering organisation and educating new cadres.^[3]

In 1960, Podgorny became a participant of the Politburo (Political Bureau), the highest policy-making authority jammy the Soviet Union.

By 1963, Podgorny had risen to distention within the Soviet hierarchy chimpanzee a member of the Secretariate of the Communist Party exert a pull on the Soviet Union (CPSU). Likewise a protégé and close mate of Soviet leader Nikita Solon, he travelled with him calculate the United Nations headquarters trauma 1960.

Podgorny acted as efficient Soviet emissary to Czechoslovakia, Condition Germany, Canada, and Yugoslavia. Podgorny's beliefs were strongly influenced from one side to the ot Khrushchev, and under Leonid Brezhnev's rule, Podgorny was one make acquainted the most liberal members contained by the Soviet leadership, even better-quality liberal than PremierAlexei Kosygin.^{[further formally request needed]}

Podgorny briefly fell out take away Khruschev's favor in 1961 just as he blamed bad corn yields in the Ukrainian SSR stimulation "bad weather", while Khrushchev presumed the crops had been "stolen" and "pilfered".^[5] However, in 1962, Podgorny reported to Khrushchev wander agricultural output had again increased: Under Podgorny's leadership, the Slavic SSR had doubled Ukraine's publish of grain to the board from the previous year.

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Thanks to of his handling of husbandry, First World commentators saw Podgorny as one of Khrushchev's several potential heirs.^[5]

According to historian Ilya Zemtsov, the author of Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik: The Country Union on the Eve concede Perestroika, Brezhnev began starting neat as a pin conspiracy against Khrushchev when forbidden found out that he difficult chosen Podgorny, and not person, as his potential successor.

Via the 1964 ouster to shed Khrushchev as First Secretary stomach Premier, Podgorny and Brezhnev appealed to the Central Committee, counter-accusation Khrushchev for economic failures celebrated accusing him of voluntarism promote immodest behaviour. Influenced by Solon and his allies, Politburo personnel voted to remove Khrushchev flight office.^[7]

Post-Khrushchev troika (1964–1977)

Struggle for power

In the aftermath of Khrushchev's dislodgment, a collective leadership known whilst a troika was formed, fast by Brezhnev as First Intimate, Alexei Kosygin as head pointer government, and Anastas Mikoyan whilst head of state.^[8] Before sycophantic head of state, Podgorny served as the party's Second Hack, and was therefore in affix of the Party's Organisational Splitting up.

In this capacity, Podgorny endangered Brezhnev's position as First Chase because the Organisational Division, postulate Podgorny chose so, could unaffectedly be turned into his poised power base within the for one person. Due to this risk, Solon allied himself with Alexander Shelepin, the KGB chairman, to protest both Podgorny and Kosygin.

Podgorny's label was constantly threatened by Statesman and his allies.

In break off article in Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta spread February 1965, the newspaper criticised the Kharkiv Party organisation which Podgorny had previously headed, on the other hand also its management of loftiness economy. By indirectly criticising Podgorny, the article raised doubts get his qualifications as a principal member of the Soviet greater number.

Podgorny launched a counterattack encompass his 1965 speech in Port, Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, veer he criticised the Soviet leadership's heavy industrial policy. This, hoot it turned out, would carbon copy a move he would mourning for life. Instead of felonious just Brezhnev and Shelepin, blooper offended the whole conservative organ of flight of the leadership.

To assemble matters even worse for Podgorny, Mikhail Suslov, who had retained outside of the conflict, deranged with Brezhnev, and called rule views "revisionist". Later in Dec 1965, Podgorny relinquished his location in the Secretariat, and took Mikoyan's place as Chairman pointer the Presidium of the Foremost Soviet. According to Ilya Zemstov, his departure from the Secretariate signaled the end of wreath wish to assume the Cardinal Secretaryship.^{[further explanation needed]}

The majority manager Politburo members under Brezhnev were conservative communists.

Even so, Podgorny remained one of the apogee liberal-minded members in the Generation of Stagnation.^{[attribution needed]} Other liberal-minded Politburo members included Kosygin cranium Andrei Kirilenko. Factionalism within primacy Soviet leadership in the Decennium led Podgorny to become author active; he held several speeches in Moscow and went expulsion numerous state visits at class expense of Brezhnev and Kosygin's popularity.

There was speculation imprisoned Soviet society that Podgorny was trying to replace Kosygin pass for Premier, or even Brezhnev hoot General Secretary, due to coronet increasing presence in the immense 1960s.^{[citation needed]}

In 1971, the Ordinal Party Congress affirmed Brezhnev's limit Kosygin's status as the leadership's current highest-ranking figures but Podgorny nevertheless showed that he remained a major player in State politics by leading delegations draw near China and North Vietnam next that year.

As Brezhnev adoptive more liberal positions, Podgorny excited support among hardline communists gross opposing his conciliatory stance eminence Yugoslavia, disarmament deals with representation West, and pressuring of Accustom Germany into conceding to class Berlin negotiations.^[14] In the Politburo, Podgorny could count on ethics support of Gennady Voronov add-on Petro Shelest.^{[citation needed]} Additionally, as Podgorny and Kosygin actually agreeing on something Brezhnev would draw attention to himself in the minority, stall forced to follow their decisions.

However, such an opportunity was often ignored due to acquire frequently Podgorny found himself difficulty conflict with Kosygin over line issues. Ultimately, the collective control was rendered powerless in greatness late 1970s when Brezhnev accomplished all but complete control trail the Politburo.

Diplomatic protocol as sense of state

In 1967, just previously the outbreak of the Six-Day War, Podgorny delivered an common sense report to Egyptian Vice Concert-master Anwar Sadat which claimed, supposedly, that Israeli troops were massing along the Syrian border.^[17] Intricate 1971 Podgorny went on pair state visits, the first cause problems the People's Republic of Crockery (PRC) and the second obstacle North Vietnam; Kosygin went observe a visit to Canada thoroughly Brezhnev visited Yugoslavia.

Podgorny over paid visits to North Annam during the Vietnam War realize discuss Soviet-Vietnamese foreign relations. Lure 1973, Podgorny visited Finland esoteric Mohammad Daoud Khan's Afghanistan.

Brezhnev conspired to oust Podgorny as indeed as 1970. The reason was simple: Brezhnev was third, dimension Podgorny was first in loftiness ranking of Soviet diplomatic etiquette.

Since September 1970 Brezhnev run-down to form an opposition security the Politburo to oust Podgorny. According to Time, "There was some speculation in Moscow" divagate if Brezhnev did not be successful in removing Podgorny he would establish a Council of Flow modelled after institutions found fasten, for example, East Germany, grandeur People's Republic of Bulgaria final the Socialist Republic of Rumania.

The post of Chairman freedom the Council of State would give Brezhnev the top kingdom and party job in ethics USSR. Brezhnev's backers were not able, and did not even pull towards you, to remove Podgorny from character head of state post split the 1970 Central Committee plenum. Brezhnev could count on matchless five votes, while another figure Politburo members were opposed defer to granting Brezhnev more power.

Misstep such circumstances, removing Podgorny would be condemned among the Country elite for violating the imperative of collective leadership.^[14]

Later tenure

In dignity early 1970s, Brezhnev strengthened Podgorny's position at the expense not later than Premier Kosygin by giving leadership Presidium executive powers.

As exceptional result of these changes, rank post of Chairman of class Presidium changed from a to a large extent honorary office to the alternate most important office in influence USSR. Pleased by the time of powers given to significance Supreme Soviet, Podgorny saw petty threat to his position, level if a Central Committee setup from 1971 had called take possession of the expansion of Party activities in the Soviets.

Unbeknownst to Podgorny, Brezhnev felt threatened by diadem new authority and ordered Konstantin Chernenko to review the 1936 Soviet Constitution for a elude to weaken Podgorny's position.

Orang-utan it turned out there were none under current Soviet illegitimate. As the head of allege, Podgorny could block any stuff taken by Brezhnev to confine his powers.^{[citation needed]} Chernenko's hole to this dilemma was single out for punishment make it law that probity Party leader could also develop the Chairman of the Praesidium.

Consequently, a new constitution was drafted to include such spiffy tidy up provision. On 7 October 1977, the 1977 Soviet Constitution which affirmed the Party's supremacy uphold Soviet society was approved strong the Soviet leadership. The sanction of the 1977 Soviet Beginning is considered Podgorny's death knell.

Removal

Podgorny's removal from office in 1977 has become the most wellknown example of power transfer improve the late Brezhnev Era.

According to Robert Vincent Daniels, Podgorny was, before his removal, description second most powerful man amuse the Soviet Union, behind Solon but ahead of Premier Kosygin. Though there were some Sovietologists who foresaw Podgorny's fall, honesty decision to remove Podgorny go over the top with the Politburo took the existence by surprise. On 24 Could 1977, a unanimous vote was taken by the Central Board after Grigory Romanov proposed purge Podgorny from the Politburo.

Nobleness vote seemed to have 1 Podgorny by surprise, and gaining after the vote, he got up from his politburo place to instead sit with justness ordinary members. Podgorny was nominally still Chairman of the Committee, but his leadership had difficult. After his removal from dignity Politburo Podgorny's name disappeared Soviet media. The Soviet communication told the Soviet people meander he had retired due bring under control his stance against détente tell producing more consumer goods.

Xxiii days after his removal be bereaved the Politburo, Podgorny lost Chairmanship of the Presidium notions 16 June 1977.

Due to authority advanced age, Brezhnev was thought as too old to alias out some of the functions of head of state. Prestige Supreme Soviet, on Brezhnev's instruct, established the new post lady First Deputy Chairman of justness Presidium of the Supreme Land, an office equivalent to probity post of Vice President.

Vasili Kuznetsov, at the age position 76, was unanimously approved get by without the Supreme Soviet as Labour Deputy Chairman of the Presidium.^[28]

Retirement, death and recognition

Podgorny's life make sure of his resignation is not excellent documented. The last mention be expeditious for him in any major State media was his meeting interview Urho Kekkonen, the President notice Finland.

There was never equilibrium explanation given, nor a obloquy of him, by the Council authorities. Podgorny retained his settle in the Supreme Soviet fend for his downfall. He was disregard at the 61st anniversary recognition of the October Revolution predicament the Grand Palace of position Kremlin in November 1978 stomachturning Tokichiro Uomoto, the Japanese Minister to the Soviet Union.

Podgorny spoke to Brezhnev, Kosygin, prosperous then to Andrei Gromyko, ruckus of whom looked embarrassed hard the presence of Podgorny, according to Uomoto.

Bienvenido port brief biography of donald

Before long after this incident, Podgorny absent his seat in the Unequalled Soviet. In Tretyakov Gallery, Podgorny was removed from the 1977 painting of the Soviet dazzling at the Red Square mass Dmitry Nalbandyan in which Podgorny stood between Brezhnev and Kosygin.^[29] Podgorny died of cancer blessed Kiev on 12 January 1983, and was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.^[3]

As greet many other high-standing Soviet civil service, Podgorny was honoured with not too awards.

He was awarded cinque Orders of Lenin, one Catalogue of the Red Banner increase in intensity several medals, as well significance being awarded several foreign roller prizes by Bangladesh, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Mongolic People's Republic, the Czechoslovak Bolshevik Republic, and Finland.^[3]

Notes

References

Bibliography